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Mogućnosti i ograničenja razvoja autonomije učenika u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu

dc.contributor.advisorGajić, Olivera
dc.contributor.otherGenc, Lajoš
dc.contributor.otherKostović, Svetlana
dc.contributor.otherŠpanović, Svetlana
dc.contributor.otherGajić, Olivera
dc.creatorĐerić, Ivana
dc.date.accessioned2021-03-17T13:46:26Z
dc.date.available2021-03-17T13:46:26Z
dc.date.issued2015
dc.identifier.urihttp://nardus.mpn.gov.rs/handle/123456789/8130
dc.identifier.urihttp://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=92617&source=NaRDuS&language=sr
dc.identifier.urihttp://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/DownloadFileServlet/Disertacija141933457651620.pdf?controlNumber=(BISIS)92
dc.identifier.urihttp://ipir.ipisr.org.rs/handle/123456789/339
dc.description.abstractModern pedagogical and psychological theories have clearly established that the development of students‟ autonomy is a very important educational goal. More precisely, teachers‟ interpersonal behaviour largely affects the level of students‟ autonomy and the quality of their motivation. The subject of this research was to study the possibilities and limitations of developing students‟ autonomy in the educational process. Hence, the purpose of this two-phase mixed methods sequential study was to identify different participants‟ opinions and experiences with the phenomenon of students‟ autonomy, with the aim of developing a questionnaire that measures students‟ perceptions of teacher‟s methods used for appreciating and encouraging autonomy in the educational process.Since this is a mixed methods research, it consisted of two phases – the qualitative and the quantitative. In the qualitative phase our aim was to identify the ways in which students and teachers comprehend and interpret students‟ autonomy and to acquire an insight into their opinions on the facilitating and aggravating factors in achieving students‟ autonomy, as well as the kinds of teaching and school situations where students have the possibility of achieving their own autonomy. Qualitative data were collected during focus groups held with eighth-grade students and their teachers from seven primary schools in Belgrade. Fourteen focus groups in total were moderated. In the qualitative phase of the research the sample included 57 eight-grade students, and student groups were balanced according to gender: 30 girls (52.6%) and 27 boys (47.4%). Research participants were also 40 subject teachers who taught these students (87.5% female vs. 12.5% male teachers). The analysis of data collected in focus groups held with students and teachers was based on studying the transcribed materials that were audio recorded. We applied the qualitative thematic analysis method that makes it possible to analyse and interpret the transcribed data through the coding process. Descriptive and analytic coding techniques were used. The codes and categories were not defined in advance (the inductive approach) but formed through the process of coding, analysing and interpreting data. We identified five thematic units that comprised 30 categories of students‟ answers. The following themes prevailed in students‟ conversations: (1) Students‟ autonomy is a motivational concept important for children‟s development and growing up; (2) The profile of the (un)desirable teacher for achieving students‟ autonomy; (3) The appreciation and encouragement of students‟ autonomy implies the use of certain motivational procedures; (4) Teachers‟ interpersonal behaviour: an optimal balance between freedom and authority; (5) Teachers pose the greatest obstacle for the achievement of students‟ autonomy, but it is necessary to enhance different aspects of the educational process. Based on the coding of teachers‟ answers we identified five thematic units that included 24 categories. The prevailing themes in eachers‟ conversations were the following: (1) The concept of students‟ autonomy has to be clearly defined; (2) Teachers‟ interpersonal behaviour: an optimal balance between freedom and authority; (3) Students‟ autonomy can be developed and encouraged by using various motivational procedures; (4) The school does provide the “space” for students to achieve their autonomy; (5) There are numerous obstacles to achieving students‟ autonomy and not enough preconditions for its achievement. Furthermore, qualitative data have confirmed that both teachers and students are uncertain when it comes to the possibility of developing child‟s autonomy in the educational process, but also point to different motivational methods and techniques of its appreciation and encouragement. “Supporting autonomy” from students‟ perspective implies that in both teaching and school situations the teacher takes into account the “voice” of students, encourages their initiative and action, supports their choices and offers them the possibility to make decisions in keeping with child‟s age characteristics, development and motivational resources. Students think that support to students‟ autonomy is rarely provided in school and even if it is provided such support is “more a matter of satisfying the form and less the essence”. Teachers perceive students‟ autonomy as “dangerous and slippery ground” and their most common association to this phenomenon is the “rule” of children‟s rights, unrestrained freedom of students, lack of control of their behaviour and degradation of adult authority. However, teachers also said that students‟ autonomy in school could be developed gradually through different teaching activities, in accordance with child‟s age and maturity, and with teacher‟s moderation, monitoring and guidance. The appreciation and encouragement of students‟ autonomy, first and foremost, relies on the supportive authority of the teacher based on professional, pedagogical and psychological competences that would enable the teacher to set an optimal balance between freedom and structure in the educational process. The aim of the quantitative phase of the research was to study students‟ perceptions of teachers‟ attitude towards students‟ autonomy in the educational process. This goal was operationalised through three research tasks. The first task was to determine the ways in which students perceive teacher‟s actions aimed at appreciating and encouraging autonomy in the educational process, the second task was to determine the predictors of satisfaction with school and satisfaction with teachers, while the third task referred to gaining an insight into students‟ opinions and suggestions regarding the ways of enhancing the quality of teaching from their perspective. In the quantitative phase of the research we used a questionnaire for assessing teachers‟ behaviour when it comes to the appreciation and encouragement of students‟ autonomy. The categories, themes and quotations obtained from data in the qualitative phase of the research served to develop a questionnaire administered to a larger sample of students in the quantitative phase of the research. The first part of the questionnaire contained the questions referring to student socio-demographic and psychological variables, the second part included 42 Likert-type items, while the third part consisted of open-ended questions referring to the ways of enhancing the quality of teaching from students‟ perspective. The sample included 360 eight-grade students from eight Belgrade primary schools (a convenient sample). There were 50.3% of girls and 49.7% of boys in the sample. We applied principal component analysis (with Promax oblique rotation) in order to map teachers‟ methods aimed at appreciating and encouraging autonomy in the educational process from students‟ perspective. We also applied the linear regression analysis model (ANOVA) in order to establish the predictors of general satisfaction with school and teachers with respect to students‟ school achievement and their perception of teachers‟ attitude towards the appreciation and encouragement of students‟ autonomy. Based on factor analysis in the quantitative phase of the research we obtained the dimensions that reflect students‟ perceptions of teachers‟ behaviour when it comes to the appreciation and encouragement of their autonomy in the educational process. Four dimensions of teachers‟ behaviour were found, namely: “Encouraging freedom of speech and exchange of opinions”; “Encouraging independence, freedom of choice and decision making”; “Neglecting and hindering students‟ ideas and initiatives”; “Neglecting and hindering the freedom of choice and decision making”. The content of the first factor is described by the perceived dimensions of behaviour of the teacher who appreciates and encourages students‟ autonomy by creating a supportive atmosphere for a free and productive exchange of ideas and opinions in different educational situations that are organised at school. The content of the second factor implies behaviour of the teacher who encourages students to independently choose, take over the initiative and make decisions on the issues directly concerning them. The teacher neglects and hinders students‟ autonomy by endeavouring to control the opinions, behaviour, needs and feelings of students, to “silence” children‟s voice and initiative and to take an authoritarian and criticising attitude when interacting with students. The content of the fourth factor suggests that the teacher who hinders and undermines students‟ autonomy does not provide support to students in choosing and making decisions on the issues that directly concern them. The findings have revealed that the cognitive, motivational and emotional support of teachers in various educational situations is crucial to the perception of appreciation and encouragement of autonomy from the perspective of students. Students‟ assessments of teachers‟ attitude towards students‟ autonomy are largely determined by the feeling that internal student resources (ideas, opinions, needs, experiences and interest) are being appreciated and encouraged. The students are of the opinion that teachers neither appreciate and encourage students‟ autonomy in the educational process nor openly hinder it. When it comes to teachers‟ behaviours that imply support to students‟ independence, freedom of choice and decision making, students‟ assessments lead to the conclusion that teachers do not act in this way enough. The findings have shown that students‟ gender plays an important role in teachers‟ behaviour aimed at encouraging independence, freedom of choice and decision making. Namely, boys receive more support than girls in this respect. Our analysis has also revealed that school achievement, students‟ participation in the parliament and the level of parental education do not determine students‟ perceptions of providing support to students‟ autonomy or neglecting it. Further, correlation analyses have indicated that satisfaction with school and teachers is associated with teachers‟ behaviour aimed at appreciation and encouragement of students‟ autonomy in the educational process. The first regression analysis has shown that students‟ school achievement at the end of the term is a significant predictor of satisfaction with the school they attend. Additionally, supporting the self-determined and autonomous forms of behaviour is a significant predictor of students‟ satisfaction with school and teachers. A significant predictor of students‟ dissatisfaction with school is teachers‟ neglect and hindering of students‟ ideas and initiative, as well as the need to choose and decide. The second regression analysis indicates that the encouragement of freedom of speech and exchange of opinions is the most important predictor of students‟ satisfaction with the attitude and the behaviour of their teachers in the educational process. Finally, based on the integration of findings from both research phases we can conclude that students‟ autonomy is a multidimensional phenomenon and an important educational goal, but its implementation depends on a number of possibilities and the overcoming of the existing obstacles in the educational practice. The pedagogical implications of this research thus refer to: (а) developing the legislation that would enable the achievement of students‟ autonomy in the educational process as well as coming up with organisational and methodical solutions in programme and school documents that would contribute to the development of students‟ autonomy; (b) creating a supportive context in school that appreciates and encourages the autonomy of students (as well as other participants); (c) developing an interpersonal teacher style aimed at appreciating and encouraging students‟ autonomy during pre-service and in-service teacher education; (d) raising awareness of students and other participants in education about the significance of the issue of students‟ autonomy for the quality of their motivation, achievement and total psychosocial development. Key words: a mixed methods study, students‟ autonomy, students, teachers, methods and techniques of encouraging and developing students‟ autonomy, school.en
dc.description.abstractSavremene pedagoške i psihološke teorije nesumnjivo potvrđuju da je razvijanje učeničke autonomije važan vaspitno-obrazovni cilj. Preciznije, stil ponašanja nastavnika u značajnoj meri određuje nivo učeničke autonomije i kvalitet njihove motivacije. Predmet ovog istraživanja je ispitivanje mogućnosti i ograničenja razvoja autonomije učenika u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu. U skladu sa tim, svrha ove dvofazne miksmetodske sekvencijalne studije je bila da se stekne uvid u mišljenja i iskustva različitih aktera o fenomenu autonomije učenika, s ciljem da se razvije upitnik koji meri učeničke percepcije o nastavničkim postupcima usmerenih na uvažavanje i podsticanje autonomije u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu.Budući da je istraživanje osmišljeno kao miksmetodsko sastoji se iz dve faze – kvalitativne i kvantitativne. U kvalitativnoj fazi istraživanja nastojali smo da steknemo uvid u to kako učenici i nastavnici razumeju i tumače autonomiju učenika, njihovo mišljenje o olakšavajućim i otežavajućim činiocima u ostvarivanju učeničke autonomije, kao i to u kojim nastavnim i školskim situacijama učenici imaju mogućnost da ostvare vlastitu autonomiju. Kvalitativne podatke smo prikupili u fokus grupama sa učenicima osmog razreda i njihovim nastavnicima iz sedam osnovnih škola u Beogradu. Moderirano je ukupno četrnaest fokus grupa. U kvalitativnoj fazi istraživanja uzorkom je obuhvaćeno 57 učenika osmih razreda, a grupe učenika su bile ujednačene prema polu: 30 devojčica (52.6%) i 27 dečaka (47.4%). Takođe, učestvovalo je 40 nastavnika predmetne nastave koji predaju ovim učenicima (osobe ženskog pola 87.5% spram osoba muškog pola 12.5%). Analiza dobijenih podataka iz fokus grupa za učenike i nastavnike zasniva se na proučavanju transkribovanih materijala koji su tonski snimljeni. Primenjen je metod kvalitativne tematske analize koji omogućava da se transkribovani podaci analiziraju i interpretiraju kroz proces kodiranja. Primenjene su opisne i analitičke tehnike kodiranja. Kodovi i kategorije nisu unapred definisane (induktivni pristup), već su formirani tokom procesa kodiranja, analize i interpretacije podataka. Identifikovali smo 5 tematskih celina koje su obuhvatile 30 kategorija učeničkih odgovora. U učeničkim konverzacijama preovladaju sledeće teme: (1) Učenička autonomija je motivacioni koncept koji je važan za razvoj i odrastanje dece; (2) Profil (ne)poželjnog nastavnika za ostvarivanje učeničke autonomije; (3) Uvažavanje i podsticanje učeničke autonomije podrazumeva primenu određenih motivacionih postupaka; (4) Stil ponašanja nastavnika: optimalni balans između slobode i autoriteta; (5) Nastavnici su najveća prepreka u ostvarivanju učeničke autonomije, ali potrebno je da se unaprede različiti asptekti vaspitno-obrazovnog procesa. Na osnovu kodiranja nastavničkih odgovora izvedeno je 5 tematskih celina koje su obuhvatile ukupno 24 kategorija. U nastavničkim konverzacijama preovladavaju sledeće teme: (1) Koncept učeničke autonomije je potrebno precizno definisati; (2) Stil ponašanja nastavnika: optimalni balans između slobode i autoriteta; (3) Učeničku autonomiju je moguće razvijati i podsticati primenom raznovrsnih motivacionih postupaka; (4) U školi ipak postoji „prostora“ da učenici ostvare svoju autonomiju; (5) Brojne su prepreke u ostvarivanju učeničke autonomije, ali je nedovoljno preduslova za njeno ostvarivanje. Takođe, kvalitativni nalazi potvrđuju da nastavnici i učenici izražavaju nesigurnost u pogledu mogućnosti da se razvija autonomija deteta u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu, ali ukazuju na raznovrsne motivacione postupke i tehnike uvažavanja i podsticanja. „Podržavanje autonomije“ iz učeničke perspektive podrazumeva da nastavnik u nastavnim i školskim situacijama uzima u obzir „glas“ učenika, podstiče njihovu inicijativu i akciju, podržava njihove izbore i nudi im mogućnost da donose odluke u skladu sa uzrasnim odlikama, razvojnim i motivacionim resursima deteta. Učenici smatraju da se u školi retko pruža podrška autonomiji učenika, a ukoliko se to i čini u pitanju je „više zadovoljavanje forme, a manje suštine”. Nastavnici opažaju autonomiju učenika kao „opasan i klizav teren“ i najčešće ih ovaj fenomen asocira na „vladavinu“ dečijih prava, neobuzdanu slobodu učenika, odsustvo kontrole učeničkog ponašanja i obezvređivanje autoriteta odraslih. Međutim, nastavnici su zaključili da bi autonomija učenika u školi mogla da se razvija postepeno kroz različite nastavne aktivnosti, u skladu sa uzrastom i zrelošću deteta i uz usmeravanje, praćenje i vođenje nastavnika. Uvažavanje i podsticanje autonomije učenika zahteva, pre svega, podržavajući autoritet nastavnika koji se zasniva na stručnim i pedagoško-psihološkim kompetencijama koje će mu omogućiti da uspostavi optimalan balans između slobode i strukture u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu. U kvantitativnoj fazi istraživanja cilj je bio da se ispitaju učeničke percepcije o odnosu nastavnika prema učeničkoj autonomiji u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu. Ovaj cilj je operacionalizovan kroz tri istraživačka zadatka. Prvi zadatak je podrazumevao da se utvrdi kako učenici opažaju postupke nastavnika usmerenih na uvažavanje i podsticanje autonomije u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu, drugi zadatak je podrazumevao da se utvrdi koji prediktori predviđaju zadovoljstvo školom i zadovoljstvo nastavnicima, a treći zadatak je podrazumevao da se utvrde predlozi i sugestije učenika o načinima unapređivanja kvaliteta nastave iz njihove perspektive. U kvantitativnoj fazi istraživanja primenjen je upitnik za procenu ponašanja nastavnika u pogledu uvažavanja i podsticanja autonomije učenika. Kategorije, teme i citati dobijeni iz podataka u kvalitativnoj fazi istraživanja poslužili su za razvijanje upitnika koji je primenjen na većem uzorku učenika u kvantitativnoj fazi istraživanja. Prvi deo upitnika obuhvata pitanja koja se odnose na učeničke socio-demografske i psihološke varijable, drugi deo sadrži 42 tvrdnje (Likertov format odgovora) i treći deo sadrži pitanja otvorenog tipa o načinima unapređivanja kvaliteta nastave iz učeničke perspektive. Uzorak je činilo 360 učenika osmog razreda iz osam beogradskih osnovnih škola (yzorak „na dohvat ruke”). Polna struktura uzorka obuhvata 50.3% devojčica i 49.7% dečaka. Primenjena je faktorska analiza glavnih komponenti (sa Promax kosouglom rotacijom) s ciljem da se mapiraju nastavnički postupci koji su usmereni na uvažavanje i podsticanje autonomije u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu iz perspektive učenika. Takođe, primenjen je model linerane regresione analize (ANOVA) kako bi se utvrdili prediktori opšteg zadovoljstva školom i zadovoljstva nastavnicima s obzirom na školski uspeh učenika i njihove percepcije nastavničkog odnosa prema uvažavanju i podsticanju učeničke autonomije. Na osnovu faktorske analize u kvantitativnoj fazi istraživanja dobijene su dimenzije koje odražavaju sliku učenika o ponašanju nastavnika u pogledu uvažavanja i podsticanja njihove autonomije u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu. Utvrđeno je da postoji četiri dimenzije ponašanja nastavnika, a to su: „Podsticanje slobode izražavanja i razmene mišljenja“; „Podsticanje samostalnosti, slobode izbora i odlučivanja“; „Zanemarivanje i sputavanje učeničkih ideja i akcija“; „Zanemarivanje i sputavanje slobode izbora i odlučivanja“. Sadržaj prvog faktora opisuju opažene dimenzije ponašanja nastavnik koji uvažava i podstiče autonomiju učenika tako što kreira podržavajuću atmosferu za slobodnu i produktivnu razmenu ideja i mišljenja u različitim vaspitno-obrazovnim situacijama koje se organizuju u školi. Sadržaj drugog faktora implicira ponašanje nastavnika koji podstiče učenike da samostalno biraju, preuzimaju inicijativu i donose odluke oko pitanja koja ih se tiču. Nastavnik zanemaruje i sputava autonomiju učenika tako što nastoji da kontroliše mišljenja, ponašanja, potrebe i osećanja učenika, da „ućutkuje“ glas i inicijativu deteta i deluje autoritarno i kritično u odnosu sa učenicima. Sadržaj četvrtog faktora sugeriše da nastavnik koji sputava i podriva autonomiju učenika ne pruža podršku u pogledu izbora i donošenja odluka oko stvari koje ih se tiču. Na osnovu nalaza, možemo da zaključimo da je kognitivna, motivaciona i emocionalna podrška nastavnika u različitim vaspitno-obrazovnim situacijama od presudnog značaja za doživljaj uvažavanja i podsticanja autonomije iz perspektive učenika. Učeničke procene o nastavničkom odnosu prema autonomiji učenika u najvećoj meri određen je doživljajem da se uvažavaju i podstiču unutrašnji resursi učenika (učeničke ideje, mišljenje, potrebe, iskustva i interesovanja). Učenici smatraju da nastavnici niti uvažavaju i podstiču niti otvoreno sputavaju autonomiju učenika u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu. Kada je reč o ponašanjima nastavnika koji podrazumevaju podsticanje učeničke samostalnosti, slobode izbora i odlučivanja, prema procenama učenika, možemo da zaključimo da nastavnici to ne čine u dovoljnoj meri. Nalazi pokazuju da pol učenika ima važnu ulogu u pogledu ponašanja nastavnika koje je usmereno na podsticanje samostalnosti, slobode izbora i odlučivanja. Naime, dečaci u tom smislu dobijaju veću podršku u odnosu na devojčice. Takođe, analiza je pokazala da školski uspeh, angažovanost učenika u parlamentu, nivo obrazovanja roditelja ne određuju učeničke percepcije o pružanju podrške ili zanemarivanju autonomije učenika. Dalje, korelacione analize pokazuju da se zadovoljstvo školom i nastavnicima dovodi u vezu sa ponašanjem nastavnika koje je usmereno na uvažavanje i podsticanje autonomije učenika u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu. Prva regresiona analiza pokazuju da je školski uspeh koji učenici postižu na polugodištu značajan prediktor zadovoljstva učenika školom koju pohađaju. Takođe, podržavanje samodeterminisanih i autonomnih oblika ponašanja je značajan prediktor zadovoljstva učenika školom i nastavnicima, dok je značajan prediktor učeničkog nezadovoljstva školom nastavničko zanemarivanje i sputavanje učeničkih ideja i akcija, kao i potreba da biraju i odlučuju. Druga regresiona analiza ukazuje da je podsticanje slobode izražavanja i razmene mišljenja predstavlja najznačajniji prediktor učeničkog zadovoljstva odnosom i ponašanjem svojih nastavnika u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu. Konačno, na osnovu integracije nalaza iz obe istraživačke faze možemo da zaključimo da je učenička autonomija višedimenzionalan fenomen i važan pedagoški cilj, ali da njena realizacija zavisi od brojnih mogućnosti i prevazilaženja postojećih prepreka u vaspitno-obrazovnoj praksi. Pedagoške implikacije u ovom istraživanju odnose se na: (a) osmišljavanje zakonsko-normativnih propisa koji će omogućiti ostvarivanje autonomije učenika u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesu, kao i predviđanje organizacionih i metodičkih rešenja u programskoj i školskoj dokumentaciji koji bi dopreneli razvoju autonomije učenika; (b) kreiranje podržavajućeg konteksta u školi u kojoj se uvažava i podstiče autonomije učenika (i drugih aktera); (v) razvijanje interpersonalnog stila nastavnika koje će biti usmeren ka uvažavanju i podsticanju učeničke autonomije tokom inicijalnog obrazovanja nastavnika i stručnog usavršavanja tokom profesionalne karijere; (g) osvešćivanje učenika i drugih aktera u vaspitno-obrazovnom radu o značaju pitanja autonomije učenika za kvalitet motivacije, postignuća i njihov ukupan psihosocijalni razvoj.sr
dc.languagesr
dc.publisherUniverzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet
dc.rightsopenAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectmixed-metodsen
dc.subjectstudent autonomyen
dc.subjectstudentsen
dc.subjectteachersen
dc.subjectschoolen
dc.subjectmethods and techniques of encouraging and developing students‟ autonomyen
dc.subjectmiskmetodska studijasr
dc.subjectmiskmetodska studijasr
dc.subjectautonomija učenikasr
dc.subjectučenicisr
dc.subjectnastavnicisr
dc.subjectpostupci i tehnike podsticanja i razvijanja autonomije učenikasr
dc.subjectškolasr
dc.subjectautonomija učenikasr
dc.subjectučenicisr
dc.subjectnastavnicisr
dc.subjectpostupci i tehnike podsticanja i razvijanja autonomije učenikasr
dc.subjectškola.sr
dc.titlePossibilities and limitations of developmentstudents autonomy in schoolen
dc.titleMogućnosti i ograničenja razvoja autonomije učenika u vaspitno-obrazovnom procesusr
dc.typedoctoralThesis
dc.rights.licenseBY-NC-ND
dc.identifier.fulltexthttp://ipir.ipisr.org.rs/bitstream/id/195/336.pdf
dc.identifier.rcubhttps://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_nardus_8130
dc.type.versionpublishedVersion


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